Nonspeci¿ c interstitial pneumonia is a type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. By de¿ nition, the cases of nonspeci¿ c interstitial pneumonia are those which cannot be classi¿ ed as any other type of interstitial pneumonia. The Material of the investigation included 12 transbronchial biopsy lung samples. The quantity, structure and distribution of speci¿ c cellular elements were determined semiquantitatively, recognizing three levels of the lesions’ intensity: mild/ poor, moderate, and intense/abundant. The interalveolar septa were most frequently moderately thickened (50% of the cases) due to the presence of inÀ ammatory cells and multiplied connective. Of the inÀ ammatory cells, lymphocytes were most common and greatest in quantity (abundant, moderate and poor in 4, 5, and 3 cases respectively), followed by plasma cells and macrophages. The septal connective was moderately and mildly multiplied in 2 and 4 cases respectively. The lumen of the alveoli was in¿ ltrated by lymphocytes and macrophages, while poor peribronchial and perivascular lymphocyte in¿ ltrates were most commonly found. The interalveolar septa were most frequently moderately thickened due to the presence of chronic inÀ ammatory cells, predominantly lymphocytes, as well as to mildly-to-moderately multiplied connective. The lymphocytes usually permeated the septa diffusely. Bronchiolar and blood vessel ¿ ndings were nonspeci¿ c.

LCH is characterized by the presence of Langerhans cells juxtaposed against a backdrop of hematopoietic cells, including T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. The investigated material included open lung biopsy samples taken from seven patients (four males and three females) at the mean age of 23.2 years. They were all smokers. The intensity of the histological lesions was semiquantitatively measured, differentiating three intensity grades: mild, moderate and intense. In most cases (3/7), the interalveolar septa were focally and intensively thickened. The inÀ ammatory in¿ ltrates in the septa were focal, intense in 3/7, moderate in 1/7, and mild in 1/7 specimens. Lymphocytes prevailed, followed by macrophages, eosinophil granulocytes, and plasma cells. The lumen of the alveoli was occupied by a few macrophages and lymphocytes, sparse plasma cells and few eosinophil granulocytes. The alveolar cells were focally cuboid in 7 cases. Histiocyte aggregates were detected in all specimens, most frequently localized peribronchiolarly (7/7) and in the intraalveolar septa (4/7). The aggregates had either a clear (15/25), or a relatively clear (10/25) demarcation line against the periphery. The aggregates were predominantly composed of Langerhans’ cells (7/7, abundant), followed by eosinophil granulocytes (abundant in 4/25, moderate in 8/25, sparse in 13/25), lymphocytes (sparse in 10/25 and moderate in 15/25 cases), and plasma cells (sparse in 10/25). The Langerhans’ cells were CD1a and S 100 positive. Histiocyte aggregates were registered in all biopsy samples; the Langerhans’ cells were CD1a and S100 positive.

Persistent infection of Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the strongest epidemiological factor associated with intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. These days, infection with Human papillomavirus is the most common type of sexually transmitted disease. In most cases, infection is asymptomatic and it remains undiagnosed. Women infected with high-risk types of the virus are at greater risk of developing severe dysplastic changes or cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the association between HPV type 16/18, cytology, colposcopy, biopsy and risk factors of developing intraepithelial lesions of low L-SIL and a high level of H-SIL. The study included 864 patients who had undergone detection of HPV type 16/18 DNA using in situ hybridization. All study participants were divided into three categories according to the presence of H-SIL, L-SIL and benign histologic findings. In the case study group that had L-SIL and H-SIL there was a significant higher percentage of HPV infection than in the group of patients with benign histologic findings. The percentage of H-SIL is highest in patients who had HR-HPV infection with types 16/18, sexual intercourse before 16 the age and two to five sexual partners. This study indicates that among the H-SIL intraepithelial neoplasia, there is a high presence of HR-HPV 16/18 related to the number of sexual partners and early sexual intercourse at a younger age as a statistically significant presence of these genotypes with L-SIL intraepithelial neoplasia.

Gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes, such as fetal overgrowth. Although most studies addressing the effects of maternal BMI on adverse outcomes include women with GDM, a little is known about associations between maternal BMI and fetal metabolic status evaluated by ultrasonography means. One of the ultrasound parameter of glycemic controlis the measurement of fetal liver length. Prospective study of 385 women with monofetal pregnancies and established risk for GDM underwent mid-trimester ultrasound exam, during which fetal liver length were measured. After exam, body mass index (BMI) was determined for each patient. Each participant underwent 100 g fasting oral glucose challenge test (oGTT) in order to confirm or to exclude diagnosis of GDM. There was a statistically highly significant positive correlation between the BMI and fetal liver length for the entire sample (N=385; p<0.001; R=+0.55) as well in the sample of GDM patients (N=96; p<0.001; R=+0.58) and controls (N=289; p<0.001; R=+0.33). Maternal BMI has impact on fetal liver length assessed by ultrasound exam. This influence is even higher in GDM.

Study objective was to test the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and fetal abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue (ASCT) measured by ultrasound. The total number of pregnant women enrolled in the prospective study was 280. For all participants BMI was determined. Study participants underwent ultrasound exam at 32nd week of gestation and ASCT was measured. Positive correlation has been found between ASCT and maternal BMI (p<0.01, r=0.1612). The study showed that intrauterine growth and development is partially regulated by the maternal BMI.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and maternal obesity are in parallel related with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Examination of the combined association of these common metabolic problems with pregnancy outcomes is an important question. Objective of our study was to determine associations of diabetes mellitus and obesity with adverse delivery outcomes. The primary outcome measures were duration of labor, mode of delivery, Apgar scores in 1st and 5th minute, obstetric interventions and maternal injuries at births. Women with DM were more likely to have Cesarean Section (p < 0.01) and less likely to have had an episiotomy and perineal repair than women without DM (all p < 0.05). Connections between DM and obesity with other adverse outcomes of labor have not been found.

The 50-gram non-fasting one hour Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) is today the one most widely implemented as a screening test for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Positive result of GCT creates a preliminary GDM diagnosis. Diagnosis of GDM labels a pregnancy high risk. Any highrisk pregnancy can cause maternal anxiety. The aim of the study was to investigate pretest and posttest anxiety levels in pregnant women undergoing GCT. Anxiety levels were evaluated by Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA score). Pretest HAMA score was 7.1±3.34 in the women with preliminary GDM diagnosis, and 6.69±5.51 in the women with negative GCT results. After delivering GCT results, HAMA score was 8.64 ± 8.10 in the women with preliminary GDM diagnosis and 4.29±2.29 in the women without preliminary GDM diagnosis. Pretest levels of anxiety among all pregnant women undergoing GCT were increased. However, this was temporary in women with negative GCT, whose anxiety levels decreased after delivering GCT results. Among women preliminary diagnosed with GDM, posttest HAMA evaluation revealed sustained increased levels of anxiety. Concerns regarding the anxiety caused by screening for GDM were confirmed by the results of our study

The role of elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP) serum levels has been questioned in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) because of the evidences that metabolic syndrome and GDM are related to increased serum levels of inflammation markers (such as CRP). The aim of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity of elevated CRP levels for diagnosis of chorioamnionitis and to compare it with sensitivity of other standard laboratory or clinical signs used in the establishing of diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. Elevated CRP level was present in 93,33% cases. Fetal tachycardia was present in 91,67% cases. Increased white blood cell count was present in 63,33%. A statistically significant difference was found in the level of sensitivity of CRP and of the increased white blood cell count (P<0.01). Elevated C-reactive protein levels were more sensitive than other standard laboratory or clinical signs in predicting chorioamnionitis in women with GDM.

Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test) is used for the detection of antibodies or complement components on the red cell membrane. The result of a positive DAT in voluntary blood donors is extremely rare. The aim of our case studies was to demonstrate that the positive DAT in voluntary blood donors can be the cause of disturbances during the performance of compatibility test (crossmatch), in patients with multiple erythrocyte alloantibodies. For performing DAT we used polyspecific and monospecific AHG reagents anti-IgG, anti-C3d (Seraclone®) for the method in a test tube, and the ID Liss/Coombs card anti-IgG + C3d (Diamed®) for the gel method. During the performance of the compatibility testing, for the haematological patient who has the anti-K and antiE irregular antibodies in the serum, with phenotype blood unit, the positive result was obtained at room temperature and in the indirect antiglobulin test. In further examination, the donor red cells were tested in the direct antiglobulin test. In a test tube with poliyspecific AHG reagent test result was positive, and in the LISS/Coombs gel method test result was negative. Because of discrepancies in testing, DAT was performed with monospecific AHG reagents. Only with anti-C3d monospecific AHG reagent in tube there was a positive result with donor erythrocyte. Voluntary blood donor was a man, 61 years old, who was suffering from hypertension, treated by ACE inhibitor medication. The results of blood counts and biochemistry did not indicate existence of haemolytic process. Aetiology and consequences of positive DAT in the healthy population are not yet sufficiently investigated. This requires extensive and detailed research. Accordingly, the disturbances in the selection of blood units for the recipient should be kept in mind the existence of this phenomenon.