The latest version of uterine tumors classification was done in 2003. According to WHO classification, endometrial cancers are divided into two groups, so called Type I and Type II. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma has a higher frequency and belongs to Type I. Serous and clear-cell adenocarcinoma, are forming Type II and by definition, they are high grade cancers with poor prognosis and no clearly defined precursors and predisposing risk factors. In Type I, there is a PTEN mutation and in Type II overexpression of p53. These two biomarkers are used in their differential diagnosis.WHO has defined a three-step system in determining the grade of endometrioid adenocarcinoma in which squamous component has no significance. There are other, two-step, grading systems which are not generally accepted.2009 FIGO classification is still in use for tumor staging and according to that tumors confined to the uterus body are divided into stages IA and IB. In the group of mesenchyme tumors, undifferentiated sarcoma was separated, due to different morphology and immunohistochemical profile compared to leiomyoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma. New terms, like UTROSCT, are accepted as well as new theory about the origin of carcinosarcoma. Common believe is that these tumors have epithelial origin and therefore sarcoma component showed positivity on epithelial and mesenchymal markers too. Large number of new antibodies was discovered which in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of uterine tumors are only meaningful when used in correlation with the clinical picture and morphological data (endometrial carcinoma vs. ovarian carcinoma, adenosarcoma vs. adenofibroma).

Among 781 cases of adverse drug reactions reported in 2010 to the Medicines and medical devices agency of Serbia involving 546 suspected drugs, the greatest reporting frequency was found for contrast media used in radiological diagnosis and visualization. Most of the commercial contrast media may be classified to inorganic (barium sulfate) and organic (iodine contrast media – ionizing and non-ionizing, low-osmolar, high-osmolar and isoosmolar). Iso-osmolar and low-osmolar contrast media are the most frequently used at domestic market, mainly because of the most favorable safety profile and tolerability. As their alternative in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to the iodine contrast media, gadoliniumcontaining contrast agents can be administered. Overall the incidence of adverse effects is 5-15%, while the incidence of serious adverse reactions is 0.04 to 0.14%. By mechanism and predictability, adverse reactions are classified to idiosyncratic and non-idiosyncratic. In clinical practice, the most common adverse reactions are mild - extravasation, headache, limb oedema, nausea, vomiting, bronchospasm, bradycardia, etc. However, serious side effects are the most significant; though rare, these can be dangerous, such as nephropathy, anaphylactic shock, thrombosis, arrhythmias, angina attacks and myocardial infarction, serious thrombocytopenia, neurological episodes with subsequent permanent sequelae and/or fatal outcome. Special attention is devoted to the systematization of available contrast media, the classification of adverse reactions and measures for their prevention in individuals with risk factors identified from the available primary evidence of high methodological quality and clinical validity.

The aim was to determine the incidence of fetal breech presentation at term, the factors that determine how the impact of labor and mode of delivery on neonatal outcome in pregnancies with a fetus in breech presentation pelvic presentation is a form of the longitudinal position of the fetus, which leads the pelvis and occurs in approximately 3% of pregnancies. Numerous studies have shown contradictory results regarding the optimal mode of delivery in breech presentation of fetus. A retrospective study at the Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Zemun-Belgrade in the period 01.01.2009-31.12.2011 year. We analyzed data obtained from the delivery protocol, computer databases and annual reports.study involved 111 pregnant women in the forward singleton pregnancy (37-41 weeks gestation) with fetal pelvis. We analyzed and compared the group of patients who delivered their babies vaginally and the group of patients who delivered their babies by caesarean section (emergency and planned). Analyzed and compared the following parameters: maternal age, parity, gestational age tudnoće, premature rupture of membranes, weight and head circumference fetus at birth, Apgar score and neonatal complications. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics. Results are presented tables and graphs. The study period was performed 4665 deliveries, with 111 deliveries in futures fetuses in breech presentation, which is 2.4%. Women delivered vaginally was 79(71%), emergency caesarean section 17(15%), a planned caesarean section 15(14%) pregnant women. The study showed a statistically significant difference in parity (C2=6.23 p<0, 05), with greater participation in the group of primiparas cesarean section, gestational age (t=5.23 p<0,01), weight and head circumference (t=4.37, t=2.47 p<0,01), premature rupture of membranes, (C2=7.72 p<0,01) and gender structure (C2=4.03 p<0,05). The most common indication for elective Caesarean section was prolonged pregnancy, and for an emergency cesarean section because of the delivery routes. There was no statistically significant difference in age of the mother t=1.08, p>0,05, the values of Apgar score in 5 minutes t=1.67 p>0,05, neurological changes p=0.292 and birth trauma, p=0.292 between two groups of neonates. The values of ul minute Apgar score were at the limits of statistical significance p=1.97 p≥0.05. Vaginal delivery in breech presentation, fetal, obstetric an acceptable range, while respecting the principles of good obstetric practice, there is no increase in neonatal morbidity.

The millions of patients at risk of developing dementia may be identified at an early stage of disease at the primary health care. The aim of our study was to perform screening for dementia in patients older than 65 years.Clinical instrument that we used in the screening of dementia patients was the Montreal cognitive assessment: Serbian version. The investigation involved forty patients older than 65 years who were tested for the existence of cognitive impairment. The results were processed by a computer program for statistical analysis (SPSS, version 20), using the Student’s t-test and linear correlation. Of all respondents, in 80% causes was registered cognitive disorder and with age were deteriorated test results. Our results suggest the efficiency and simplicity of screening programs on dementia, which could be implemented in daily practice.

The aim of the paper was to describe and compare means of deliveries after assisted conception and after spontaneous conception. The rapid spread of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is part of development of modern society. Study is retrospective, descriptive and analytical. Data were collected out of medical charts of patients of Hospital for gynecology and obstetrics CHC Zvezdara, who have delivered babies in this institution after using methods of ART during the years 2001 till 2011. There were 190 ART patients, age ranging from 21 to 56 years, on average 35.6 (± 4.7) years. Majority (94.6%) of women were primiparous, without previous miscarriages. The most frequently used method of ART is IVF/ET (94.8%, of which ICSI was performed in 6.53%). 42.1% of pregnancies were achieved after second attempt of IVF/ET. Pregnancies delivered vaginally lasted on average 38,7±1,2 week of gestation. Majority of premature infants (overall incidence of preamaturety was 20,2%) were born by urgent cesarean section. There were 5 extremely premature infants (2,17%). There was 17,4% of twin pregnancies, and almost all of them (92,5%) we delivered by cesarean section. Average birth weight was 3160g (± 600), and average body length on birth was 51cm (± 3). The most vital infants were born spontaneously (wirh mean Apgar score in the 5th minute of 9,08). During our first ART pregnancy experiences we performed no vaginal deliveries. Further on, evident decreasing trend of cesarean section made place for vaginal deliveries. This ratio in study population slowely approaches to the general population ratio, and for now it is 40:60 (vaginal:cesarean delivery). Current experiencies encourage us to deal with ART pregnanices, as if they were spontaniously achieved, and to deliver them respecting obsteric indications.

Društveni položaj žene u Srbiji u prvim decenijama XX veka oblikovali su patrijarhalno uređeni porodični i društveni odnosi kao i tradicionalni moral.Opasnost za život i zdravlje žene predstavljali su porođaji koji su se dešavali u kući a posebno ilegalni pobačaji koji su obavljani bez prisustva lekara, vršeni od lica koja nisu bila stručna, pa čak i u poodmakloj trudnoći. Ne higijenske prilike u Srbiji bile su glavni uzrok smrti porodilja i novorođenčadi kako na porođaju, tako i u prvim mesecima života. Pri tom, podaci pokazuju da je smrtnost porodilja i dece na rođenju na selu bila viša nego u gradu. U prvim godinama posle Drugog svetskog rata jedan od značajnih indikatora položaja žene u Srbiji se odnosi na dostignut nivo zdravstvene zaštite žene, trudnice, majke i dece. Zdravstveno prosvećivanje žena biilo je vezano za zdravstvenu zaštitu i borbu protiv, posledica neznanja i loših higijenskih navika u zaostalim i patrijarhalnim sredinama.U prvim posleratnim godinama posebna pažnja bila je usmerena na zdravstveno prosvećivanje žena na selu. Liberalizacija namernog prekida trudnoće odvijala se od početka 60-ih godina, da bi pravo čoveka da slobodno odlučuje o rađanju svoje dece, kao pravo garantovano Ustavom, bilo uspostavljeno 1974. godine. U poslednjoj deceniji XX veka u Srbiji je došlo do pogoršanja položaja žena-porodilja i majki čemu je doprinela višegodišnja ekonomska kriza u Srbiji.

Ovim radom obrađuje se deo problema ehinokokoze CNS-a koji se odnosi na spinalnu lokalizaciju oboljenja. Ističu se podaci o lečenim slučajevima u Neurohirurškoj Klinici u Beogradu, Specijalnoj bolnici “Vaso Čuković” u Risnu i Neurohirurškoj službi KBC Zemun. Kada je reč o kliničkoj slici detaljno se ističu: klinička slika kompresije medule spinalis, klinička slika sa udruženom spinalnom i viscelarnom ehinokokozom, klinička slika radikularne, odnosno periradikularne kompresije. Navedene su detaljno specifičnosti ovog oboljenja i teškoće pri postavljanju diferencijalne dijagnoze. Posebno se govori o mogućnostima ultrazvučne i kompjuterizovane tomografije pri postavljanju dijagnoze. Navedena je medikamentozna terapija u kombinaciji sa hirurškim zahvatom, kao i mogućnost supstitucije delova razorenog kičmenog pršljena sa Palakosom uz analizu dostupnog materijala

Pathological diagnosis of lymphoproliferative processes has been associated with a high error rate of 17- 35%, compared to a low diagnostic error incidence of 1-3% in general histopathology. In lymphoma diagnosis, one half of the diagnostic errors result in significant clinical consequences such as delayed or inappropriate therapy, unnecessary treatment, avoidable morbidity and compromised survival.1 Inherent pathological ambiguity of lymphoproliferative processes, interpretational subjectivity, unfamiliarity with diagnostic criteria and novel entities, lack of expert opinion, inappropriate laboratory support and poor clinico-pathological correlation are the main reasons behind most pitfalls in this subspecialty.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for approximately 15% to 30% of all malignant lymphomas. According to current diagnostic criteria, approximately 90% to 95% of HLs fall into the Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) category; the remaining cases are nodular lymphocyte-predominant subtype of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NLPHL) which is recognized as a separate entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification1. WHO classification is based on the fact that there are clear and consistent histologic, epidemiologic, immunologic, and genetic differences between NLPHL and CHL. NLPHL is an indolent germinal center (GC) B-cell malignancy, that represents a nodular proliferation comprised of a minority of large neoplastic centroblasts with multilobated nuclei, the so-called popcorn or lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells. Immunohistochemically LP cells are CD20+, PAX5+, BCL6+, EBV-LMP1-, CD30- and CD15-. Background inflammatory infiltrate represent mixture of small B and T lymphocytes1. This type of tumour is characterised clinically by a relatively indolent course and a very good response to standard therapy in cases with low stage disease. Unfortunately, the prognosis is unfavourable for advanced stages2. CHL is also a clonal, malignant lymphoproliferation originating from germinal center B cells3. CHL has a bimodal age curve in western countries, showing a peak at 15-35 years of age and a second peak later in life at 45-60 years1. A histopathologic diagnosis of CHL is based on the identification of diagnostic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in an appropriate inflammatory background of mixed infiltrate by histiocytes, small lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, plasma cells, fibroblasts and colagen. Based on characteristics of the reactive infiltrate and the specific features of neoplastic cells, cases may be subclassified into one of four subtypes: nodular sclerosis (NSCHL), lymphocyte-rich (LRCHL), mixed cellularity (MCCHL) and lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma (LDCHL)1,4. Although most cases can be diagnosed on the basis of morphology alone, diagnostic criteria include the characteristic immunophenotype of the neoplastic population. RS cells and variants express the CD30 and CD15 antigens in the majority of cases and lack the common leukocyte antigen CD455,6. The LMP-1 protein of EBV is expressed in approximately 25% to 50% of CHLs depending on the histologic subtype and patient age7. The staining is membranous and cytoplasmic, and usually most neoplastic cells are positive. Etiology of CHL is still questionable, but due to the unique epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease, an infectious cause has long been suspected. Currently, immunohistochemistry for the EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) and nonradioactive in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded early RNAs (EBERs) are the methods of choice for the detection of EBV in routinely fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues8. Recent data suggest that the EBV status of tumour cells in classical HL could have prognostic significance for patients with this heterogenous disease9.