Nakon oružanih sukoba koji su se devedesetih godina XX veka odvijali na teritoriji bivše SFR Jugoslavije, poseban izazov predstavlja identifikacija žrtava rata. U radu je dat detaljan opis procesa identifikacije ekshumiranih posmrtnih ostataka. Jedan od ciljeva rada predstavlja i poređenje rezultata analize DNK i klasičnih forenzičkih metoda identifikacije. Ovaj rad se odnosi na identifikaciju posmrtnih ostataka koji su ekshumirani na Kosovu i Metohiji u periodu od 2001-2011. godine, a koji pripadaju Srbima i drugim nealbanskim nacionalnim zajednicama (Crnogorci, Bošnjaci, Romi, Goranci i dr.) i u znatno manjem broju Albancima, koji su takođe stradali u ratnom i posleratnom periodu. Ekshumacija i identifikacija posmrtnih ostataka otpočela je još tokom oružanog sukoba, nastavljena je velikim intenzitetom neposredno po uspostavljanju UN administracije u pokrajini, a od kraja 2001. godine među identifikovanim žrtvama dominiraju osobe nealbanskog porekla – Srbi, Crnogorci, Romi i dr. Iskustva ovog procesa kao i iskustva drugih država pokazuju da postoji potreba za organizovanjem odgovarajuće službe za identifikaciju posmrtnih ostataka nepoznatog identiteta u Srbiji, da bi se na efikasan način moglo reagovati u slučaju velikih nesreća.

The millions of patients at risk of developing dementia may be identified at an early stage of disease at the primary health care. The aim of our study was to perform screening for dementia in patients older than 65 years.Clinical instrument that we used in the screening of dementia patients was the Montreal cognitive assessment: Serbian version. The investigation involved forty patients older than 65 years who were tested for the existence of cognitive impairment. The results were processed by a computer program for statistical analysis (SPSS, version 20), using the Student’s t-test and linear correlation. Of all respondents, in 80% causes was registered cognitive disorder and with age were deteriorated test results. Our results suggest the efficiency and simplicity of screening programs on dementia, which could be implemented in daily practice.

The aim of the paper was to describe and compare means of deliveries after assisted conception and after spontaneous conception. The rapid spread of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is part of development of modern society. Study is retrospective, descriptive and analytical. Data were collected out of medical charts of patients of Hospital for gynecology and obstetrics CHC Zvezdara, who have delivered babies in this institution after using methods of ART during the years 2001 till 2011. There were 190 ART patients, age ranging from 21 to 56 years, on average 35.6 (± 4.7) years. Majority (94.6%) of women were primiparous, without previous miscarriages. The most frequently used method of ART is IVF/ET (94.8%, of which ICSI was performed in 6.53%). 42.1% of pregnancies were achieved after second attempt of IVF/ET. Pregnancies delivered vaginally lasted on average 38,7±1,2 week of gestation. Majority of premature infants (overall incidence of preamaturety was 20,2%) were born by urgent cesarean section. There were 5 extremely premature infants (2,17%). There was 17,4% of twin pregnancies, and almost all of them (92,5%) we delivered by cesarean section. Average birth weight was 3160g (± 600), and average body length on birth was 51cm (± 3). The most vital infants were born spontaneously (wirh mean Apgar score in the 5th minute of 9,08). During our first ART pregnancy experiences we performed no vaginal deliveries. Further on, evident decreasing trend of cesarean section made place for vaginal deliveries. This ratio in study population slowely approaches to the general population ratio, and for now it is 40:60 (vaginal:cesarean delivery). Current experiencies encourage us to deal with ART pregnanices, as if they were spontaniously achieved, and to deliver them respecting obsteric indications.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of lymphoma worldwide, and represents a clinically, pathologically and biologicaly very heterogeneous group of tumours. Recent studies have subdivided diffuse large B cell lymphomas into morphological variants, molecular and immunophenotypical subgroups and distinct entities. An immunophenotypical subdivision of DLBCL, into germinal centre-like (GCB) and non-germinal centre-like (non-GCB) subgroups, using a combination of antibodies to CD10, BCL6 and MUM1, does not correlate exactly with gene expresion profile of GCB and activated peripheral B-cells (ABC). Some studies reported that combination of CD10, BCL6 and MUM1 expression could subdivide DLBCL patients into long- and short-time survivors.The WHO classification of 2008. recognizes a group of aggressive B-cell lymphomas that are not readily classified as either Burkitt lymphoma (BL) or DLBCL, and provisional category of B-cell neoplasms with features intermidiate between DLBCL and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Furthermore, the new classification recognizes the patient age, site-specific categories, and clinical factors in defining variants of DLBCL.The WHO classification of 2008. is the result of successful international collaboration among pathologists, biologists and clinicians, but heterogeneous group of DLBCL will be the subject of further investigation.

Društveni položaj žene u Srbiji u prvim decenijama XX veka oblikovali su patrijarhalno uređeni porodični i društveni odnosi kao i tradicionalni moral.Opasnost za život i zdravlje žene predstavljali su porođaji koji su se dešavali u kući a posebno ilegalni pobačaji koji su obavljani bez prisustva lekara, vršeni od lica koja nisu bila stručna, pa čak i u poodmakloj trudnoći. Ne higijenske prilike u Srbiji bile su glavni uzrok smrti porodilja i novorođenčadi kako na porođaju, tako i u prvim mesecima života. Pri tom, podaci pokazuju da je smrtnost porodilja i dece na rođenju na selu bila viša nego u gradu. U prvim godinama posle Drugog svetskog rata jedan od značajnih indikatora položaja žene u Srbiji se odnosi na dostignut nivo zdravstvene zaštite žene, trudnice, majke i dece. Zdravstveno prosvećivanje žena biilo je vezano za zdravstvenu zaštitu i borbu protiv, posledica neznanja i loših higijenskih navika u zaostalim i patrijarhalnim sredinama.U prvim posleratnim godinama posebna pažnja bila je usmerena na zdravstveno prosvećivanje žena na selu. Liberalizacija namernog prekida trudnoće odvijala se od početka 60-ih godina, da bi pravo čoveka da slobodno odlučuje o rađanju svoje dece, kao pravo garantovano Ustavom, bilo uspostavljeno 1974. godine. U poslednjoj deceniji XX veka u Srbiji je došlo do pogoršanja položaja žena-porodilja i majki čemu je doprinela višegodišnja ekonomska kriza u Srbiji.

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for approximately 15% to 30% of all malignant lymphomas. According to current diagnostic criteria, approximately 90% to 95% of HLs fall into the Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) category; the remaining cases are nodular lymphocyte-predominant subtype of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NLPHL) which is recognized as a separate entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification1. WHO classification is based on the fact that there are clear and consistent histologic, epidemiologic, immunologic, and genetic differences between NLPHL and CHL. NLPHL is an indolent germinal center (GC) B-cell malignancy, that represents a nodular proliferation comprised of a minority of large neoplastic centroblasts with multilobated nuclei, the so-called popcorn or lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells. Immunohistochemically LP cells are CD20+, PAX5+, BCL6+, EBV-LMP1-, CD30- and CD15-. Background inflammatory infiltrate represent mixture of small B and T lymphocytes1. This type of tumour is characterised clinically by a relatively indolent course and a very good response to standard therapy in cases with low stage disease. Unfortunately, the prognosis is unfavourable for advanced stages2. CHL is also a clonal, malignant lymphoproliferation originating from germinal center B cells3. CHL has a bimodal age curve in western countries, showing a peak at 15-35 years of age and a second peak later in life at 45-60 years1. A histopathologic diagnosis of CHL is based on the identification of diagnostic Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells in an appropriate inflammatory background of mixed infiltrate by histiocytes, small lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, plasma cells, fibroblasts and colagen. Based on characteristics of the reactive infiltrate and the specific features of neoplastic cells, cases may be subclassified into one of four subtypes: nodular sclerosis (NSCHL), lymphocyte-rich (LRCHL), mixed cellularity (MCCHL) and lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma (LDCHL)1,4. Although most cases can be diagnosed on the basis of morphology alone, diagnostic criteria include the characteristic immunophenotype of the neoplastic population. RS cells and variants express the CD30 and CD15 antigens in the majority of cases and lack the common leukocyte antigen CD455,6. The LMP-1 protein of EBV is expressed in approximately 25% to 50% of CHLs depending on the histologic subtype and patient age7. The staining is membranous and cytoplasmic, and usually most neoplastic cells are positive. Etiology of CHL is still questionable, but due to the unique epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease, an infectious cause has long been suspected. Currently, immunohistochemistry for the EBV latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) and nonradioactive in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded early RNAs (EBERs) are the methods of choice for the detection of EBV in routinely fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues8. Recent data suggest that the EBV status of tumour cells in classical HL could have prognostic significance for patients with this heterogenous disease9.

Pathological diagnosis of lymphoproliferative processes has been associated with a high error rate of 17- 35%, compared to a low diagnostic error incidence of 1-3% in general histopathology. In lymphoma diagnosis, one half of the diagnostic errors result in significant clinical consequences such as delayed or inappropriate therapy, unnecessary treatment, avoidable morbidity and compromised survival.1 Inherent pathological ambiguity of lymphoproliferative processes, interpretational subjectivity, unfamiliarity with diagnostic criteria and novel entities, lack of expert opinion, inappropriate laboratory support and poor clinico-pathological correlation are the main reasons behind most pitfalls in this subspecialty.

Pediatric population, particularly in neonatal age, because of their physiological characteristics (propensity to infection, anaemia and hypovolemia) are often candidates for supportive therapy with labile blood components and blood derivate. Good clinical assessment and laboratory testing are essential in identifying the primary disorder, in order to implement the optimal blood product, with an appropriate manner and in sufficient doses. New technological procedures in the preparation and processing of blood components, adherence to the principles of good manufacturing and laboratory practices, as well as permanent quality control of labile blood components, make transfusion with blood products safe and more efficient. In pediatric practice are now available the products obtained from whole blood units, which are concentrates of red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. All doses are adjusted to the body mass of the patients (small volume doses). According to our results, the most common reason for transfusion care for pediatric patients was anaemia. In spite the reason of hospitalisation (different diagnoses), during diagnostic procedures the diagnosis of anaemia was established. This condition required the supportive therapy with small volume concentrated erythrocytes. To avoid giving unnecessary blood products, it is necessary to comply with recommendations by national guidelines for the application of labile blood components. Multi-disciplinary approach should provide right time diagnosis of disorders and conditions with right time transfusion care. Because of that, treatment of paediatric patients was efficient and safe.

U pedijatrijskoj praksi poslednjih godina uočena je povećana učestalost pleuralnih efuzija. Prema načinu nastanka pleuralne efuzije su podeljene na eksudate i transudate. U grupi eksudata najčešće se sreću parapneumonične efuzije i empijem. Parapneumonična efuzija kod dece definiše se obično kao nakupljanje pleuralne tečnosti u toku akutne bakterijske pneumonije, a ređe u sklopu virusne pneumonije i tuberkuloznog pleuritisa. Empijem označava prisustvo purulentnog sadržaja u pleuralnom prostoru. Glavni bakterijski uzročnik pneumonija udruženih s izlivom je Streptococcus pneumoniae serotip 1. Kod 10% bolesnika ne dolazi do povlačenja pleuralne efuzije i pored konzervativnog lečenja. Tada sprovodimo standardizovan postupak prema smernicama BTS vodiča, sa algoritmom dijagnostičko-terapijskih mera. Signifikantna količina pleuralne tečnosti koja perzistira i kompromituje plućnu funkciju čini komplikovanu pleuralnu efuziju i indikovana je torakalna drenaža. Pri pojavi septacija i lokulacija u pleuralnom prostoru, neophodna je intrapleuralna instilacija fibrinolitika. Primena Streptokinaze je bezbedna, efikasna, smanjuje potrebu za hirurškim lečenjem i zajedno sa ostalim terapijskim merama dovodi do kompletnog oporavka deteta. Rana video-asistirana torakoskopija u kombinaciji sa fibrinoliticima verovatno će u budućnosti biti metoda izbora.