We present a 21 years-old patient with congenital monorchism, diagnosed and emergency operated for testicular torsion. In combination, testicular torsion and monorchism represent an extremely rare finding. In any case of monorchism, testicular sparing surgery is one of the main goals, and that is why fast and accurate diagnosis is mandatory, since delayed diagnosis lead to loss of only gonade.

U poslednje dve godine pandemija izazvana COVID-19 infekcijom predstavlja najveći izazov sa kojim se suočavaju zdravstveni sistemi širom sveta. Ova bolest donela je ozbiljne promene u načinu rada zdravstvenih ustanova, a promenjeni su i prioriteti različitih medicinskih i hirurških intervencija, između ostalih i u domenu urologije.

U ovom radu prikazujemo uticaj COVID-19 pandemije na rad Službe za urologiju Kliničko bolničkog centra Zemun. Pored analize rada urologa u COVID-19 sistemu dat je i kratak pregled uticaja COVID-19 pandemije na različite, najčešće urološke bolesti, pre svega u odnosu na stepen hitnosti lečenja uroloških bolesti. Potom je dat osvrt uticaja COVID-19 infekcije na bubrežni sistem. Deo rada posvećen je uticaju pandemije na rad mladih lekara, odnosno pre svega specijalista urologije.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality in men population. Multifactorial etiology, unpredictable course and outcome of the disease put survival determining factors of disease in the spotlight. One of new survival prognostic factors is Charlson Comorbidity Index – CCI. We presented basic characteristics of CCI, literature review regarding the CCI, as well as advantages and disadvantages of this index. CCI represents optimal balance between ease of use and prognostic capabilities. CCI value significantly contributes to better assessment of the long-term survival and the selection of appropriate cancer therapy.

Bladder carcinomas are common medical problem of modern society. They represent second most common malignancy of genito-urinary sistem. Rhabdomyosarcoma is on of most common soft tissue tumor in infants and children, arising from immature cells destined to differentiate into striated muscle cells. On the other hand, bladder rhabdomyosarcomas in the adult population are extremely rare and so far only few cases are described in literature. We present a patient in the seventh decade of life, successfully operated from a rare type of embryonic bladder rhabdomyosarcoma, botrioid subtype.

Mucinous aenocarcinoma is one of the least common variant of prostate cancer. The prognosis of this variant of prostate cancer remains controversial. We report the case of 67-year old men with severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), and sense of urinary retention. The serum level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 10.4ng/mL. Prostate was large (56mL), hard, lobulated, with extraprostatic extension and infiltration of surrounding structures, unsuitable for radical operative treatment. The patient demonstrated poor response to complete androgen blockade (CAB) (bilateral orchiectomy, steroidal antiandrogen) after 6 months of treatment with minimal decline of PSA (7.1ng/mL) and progressive growth of the primary tumor (110mL). The patient is submitted to antiandrogen withdrawal consisted of simultaneous addition of ketoconazole with hydrocortison substitution, resulting in normalisation of PSA (<1.0ng/mL) and diminution of prostate volume (PV) (63 mL) after 2 months, followed by adjunctive radiotherapy. Ketoconazole in reduced doses was stopped 6 months after completion of radiotherapy with PSA level < 0.002ng/mL and PV 16mL. The patient is alive with no evidence of disease more than 9 years after diagnosis of primary tumor. This case demonstrated modest hormonal sensitivity of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate, whereas ketoconazole combined with radiotherapy, resulted in long term survival.

The biological potential of teratoma remains unpredictable, therefore identifying its presence in the retroperitoneum remains important. We evaluated patients undergoing post-chemothe rapy retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (PC-RPLA) for nonseminomatous testicular tumors (NSTT), to determine predictors of teratomatous elements in the retroperitoneum. We identified 161 patients from 1982 to 2005 who underwent PC-RPLA for metastatic NSTT. Multiple clinical and pathological variables were reviewed from out RPLA database. Of the 161 patients in our series, 112 (70%) received only induction chemotherapy and 49 (30%) required 2nd line chemotherapy. Studies of retroperitoneal pathology demonstrated the presence of fibrosis in 44 (27%), teratoma in 82 (51%) and vital carcinoma in 35(22%).Among 82 patients (51%) with finding of teratomatous elements at PC-RPLA, we revealed the presence ofmature teratoma in 85%, immature teratoma in 12% and teratoma with malignant transformation in 3%. Of the 99 patients (61%) with teratomatous elements in the primary NSTT, 61 (62%) had teratoma at PC-RPLA. Even in the absence of teratoma in the primary NSTT, teratoma was present in the retroperitoneum in 21 of 62 patients (32%)(p<0.0001). All patients had normal values of serum tumor markers (STM) at PC-RPLA. Post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal residual mass measuring <2 cm, from 2.1-5.0 cm and > 5 cm in diameter occured in 30%, 52% and 55%, respectively. By multivariate analysis , teratoma in the orchiectomy specimen (p<0.005), relative change in nodal size before and after chemotherapy (p<0.005), and no requirement for 2nd line chemotherapy (p=0.33) were independent predictors for the presence of the teratoma in the retroperitoneum. Teratoma remains a common histologic finding in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes following chemotherapy. We have identified several pre-RPLA variables that predict the finding of teratoma in the retroperitoneum for men treated with chemotherapy for metastatic NSTT.

Karcinom mokraćne bešike predstavlja načešći malignitet urinarnog trakta. Primarni standardni tretman tumora mokraćne bešike je transuretralna resekcija (TUR), ali procenat recidiva kod pacijenata tretiranih samo TUR-om je do 70%, a procenat progresije tumora tj, invazije u mišićni sloj je oko 30%, a to su pacijenti kojima je indikovano radikalno operativno lečenje. Intravezikalna instalacija bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) nakon TUR tumora mokraćne bešike predstavlja dokazano najefikasnije pomoćno sredstvo u lečenju i profilaksi površinskih karcinoma mokraćne bešike. Cilj našeg rada je poređenje ishoda lečenja pacijenata podvrgnutih TUR sa pacijentima lečenim kombinovanom terapijom koja obuhvata sprovođenje imunoterapije intravezikalnom instalacijom BCG nakon TUR. Rezltati prikazani u radu predstavljaju izvod rezultata prospektivno-retrospektivne studije koja se od januara 2013. godine sprovodi na odeljenju Urologije KBC Zemun.

Sredovečni muškarac često ima simptome donjih partija urotrakta (SDPU) kao posledice benignog uvećanja prostate (BUP). Korelacija između metaboličkog sindroma (MS) i SDPU ostaje predmet debate. Ova studija ima za cilj da ispita uticaj MS na SDPU kod sredovečnih muškaraca imali opšti lekarski pregled. Svi pacijenti su podeljeni u 2 grupe u zavisnosti od prisustva 3 ili više faktora rizika uključujući povišen krvni pritisak, obim struka, glikemiju,HDL holesterol i trigliceride. Volumen prostate (VP), određen pomoću transrektalnog ultrazvuka, i nivo prostata specifičnog antigena (PSA) su upotrebljeni za podgrupnu analizu, uključujući odredjivanje ukupnog Internacionalnog Prostata Simptom Skora (IPSS), sa iritativnim i opstruktivnim skorom, kao i ocenu kvaliteta života. Tri stotine pedeset četiri muškarca, srednje starosti 55.6 ± 9.71 godina, su uključeni u studiju. U zavisnosti od navedenih kriterijuma za MS, 108 (30.5%) je imalo MS i predstavljalo je studijsku grupu, dok je 246 (69.5%) MS-negativnih muškaraca formiralo kontrolnu grupu. Antropometrijski indeksi, metabolički parametri i učestalost arterijskie hipertenzije su bili veći kod grupe sa MS u odnosu na grupu bez MS (p<0.0001). Grupa sa MS (7.89 ± 6.63 prema 6.85 ± 6.52) je imala manju srednju vrednost ukupnog IPSS, manju slabost mlaza urina pri mokrenju (1.24 ± 1.60 prema 0.95 ± 1.50, p= 0.021) i manji stepen IPSS gradiranja (p=0.014). Kod većeg VP (> 30 mL), ukupni IPSS, iritativni i opstruktivni skor, urgentni pozivi na mokrenje i nepotpuno pražnjenje bešike su bili manje izraženi kod grupe sa MS (p<0.05). U grupi sa višim prostata specifičnim antigenom (PSA) (> 0.93 ng/ mL), muškarac sa MS je imao značajno niži IPSS, opstruktivni skor, nepotpuno pražnjenje mokraćne bešike i slab mlaz. Negativna povezanost izmedju iritativnih i opstruktivnih smetnji, intenzitet SDPU i MS postaje naročito izražena sa povećanjem broja faktora rizika MS (p<0.0001). Odnos šanse (OŠ) za umeren i izražen SDPU je bio signifikantno manji kod muškaraca sa 3 (OŠ 0.61; 95% interval poverenja (IP) 0.40-0.94) ili 5 (OŠ 0.32; 95% IP 0.11-0.95) faktora rizika. Muškarci u grupi sa MS imaju manju verovatnoću da imaju umeren do žestok skor SDPU (OŠ 0.58; 95% IP 0.41-0.83). Studija je pokazala da MS ima povoljan efekt na SDPU, uključujući iritativne i opstruktivne simptome kod zdravih sredovečnih muškaraca. Beneficirajući efekat je bio najizraženiji kod muškaraca sa uvećanom prostatom i/ili višim vrednostima PSA.

Postoji relativno malo podataka u literaturi koji imaju za cilj procenu korelacije između kvaliteta ishrane i simptoma donjih partija urotrakta (SDPU). Cilj ove studije je da proceni povezanost izmedju kvaliteta ishrane i SDPU. Naša hipoteza je bila da je izbalansirana zdrava ishrana udružena sa manjom učestalošću SDPU. Studija obuhvata 852 pacijenata starosti >40 godina od kojih je 724 (85%) kompletiralo urinarni upitnik. Primenjena je bivarijantna analiza da se ispita stepen SDPU kod pacijenata sa dobrom i lošom ishranom. Multivarijantna regresiona analiza je primenjena da se proceni uticaj demografskih faktora kod pacijenata sa ili bez SDPU u zavisnosti odgodina starosti, pušenja, dijabetesa, konzumiranja alkohola, gojaznosti i fizičke aktivnosti. Pošto smo isključili iz analize 31 pacijenta sa karcinomom prostate, naša studija je obuhvatala 693 muškaraca od kojih je 139 (20%) imalo najmanje jedan simptom indikativan za SDPU (63 iritativne, 46 opstruktivne i 30 oba simptoma). Veća verovatnoća za pojavu SDPU je postojala kod seoske populacije (p<0.0001), nepušača (p<0.0001), dijabetičara (P<0.0001), starijih muškaraca (p<0.0001), sa višim PSA (p<0.0001) i dijagnozom uvećanja prostate (p<0.0001). Umerena i intenzivna fizička aktivnost i unos alkohola su bili češće zastupljeni kod muškaraca bez SDPU (p<0.0001). Nadjena je veća učestalost SDPU kod muškaraca sa malim unosom mlečnih proizvoda (22.4%:16.4%) (p=0.0013), oskudnim unosom proteina (24.6%:17.9%)(p=0.012), generalno lošom ishranom (28.2%:17.8%) (p=0.012) i malom raznolikošću ishrane (26.1%:17.6%) (p=0.001). Multivarijantna analiza je pokazala da nezdrava ishrana, seoska populacija i stariji muškarciimaju veći rizik za pojavu SDPU, dok je unos alkohola imao protektivno dejstvo na SDPU.

This sudy is performed to determine disease related outcome in metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors (NSGCTTs) in patients with absence of viable cancer (VC) in the postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (PC-RPLA) specimen and determine wheter clinical variables can help predict disease progression Among a survey of 163 patients submitted to PC-RPLA from 1980-2005, 126 patients (77%) had no VC (44 fibrosis, 82 teratoma). At mean follow-up (MFU) of 158+/-77.7months, 20 patients (16%) developed recurrences within median free interval of 19.3 montha, with complete response (CR) following applied therapy in 9 patients (45%). Eleven patients (8%) diead (8 of disease, 3 of' other causes). Predictors for poorer recurrence free survival (RFS) were advanced clinical stage (CS) (P<0.016), intermediate/ poor IGCCCG group (p<0.004), and PC-RPLA nodal size (p<0.0007), while for disease-speciphic survival (DSS) included recurrences (p<0.0001), PC RP residual mass (RM) diameter ((p<0.006), worse IGCCCG risk (p<0.0003) and increased HCG at PC-RPLA (p<0.0001). A subset analysis of potential predictors of poorer RFS in patients with fibrosis identified only worse IGCCCG risk (p=0.05), whereas in teratoma were worse IGCCCG risk classification (p=0.01), PC RP RM size (p<0.0005) and unfavorable histology (teratoma with malignant transformation [TT] vs. mature teratoma [MT]/immature teratoma [IMT]Xp<0.0001). Adverse impact on DSS in fibrosis had elevated HCG on PC-RPLA (p<0.013) and in teratoma the presence of unfavorable IGCCCG risk (p<0.0001), worse RP histology (p<0.05) and postoperative recurrence (p<0.0001). The 5-year DSS and RFS rates for all patients with no VC at PC-RPLA were 87% and 85%, while at 10-year were 79% and 75%, respectively (Log rank=13.155; p<0.003). Patients with no VC at PC-RPLA remain at risk of recurrence. Several clinical variables, including CS, intermediate/poor IGCCCG group, preoperative HCG level, diameter of RP RM and postoperative recurrence help better to define which patients are at risk of disease recurrence and survival; as such these patients should be followed regularly in the postoperative period.