Na početku 21. veka, u vremenu društveno-političkih i ekonomskih previranja, u tadašnjoj Jugoslaviji nije bilo organizovanih naučnih i edukativnih aktivnosti u oblasti ehokardiografije. Zahvaljujući entuzijazmu nekoliko srpskih kardiologa, koji su prepoznali potrebu za promenom, aprila 2001. godine u Beogradu je osnovano ehokardiografsko udruženje, sa ciljem da postavi standarde ehokardiografskog pregleda, podrži naučne aktivnosti u oblasti ehokardiografije i osnaži saradnju sa međunarodnim ehokardiografskim organizacijama. Nakon raspada bivše Jugoslavije, prvobitan naziv «Jugoslovensko ehokardiografsko udruženje» (YUECHO), 2006. godine promenjen je u Ehokardiografsko udruženje Srbije (ECHOS).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spectrum of the Waldeyer’s ring tumor pathology. Waldeyer’s ring is a ringed arrangement of lymphoid tissue that surrounds nasopharynx and oropharynx. It consists of a pharyngeal tonsil, two tubal tonsils, two palatinal tonsils in the oropharynx, and lingual tonsil. The tonsils are made of heterogeneous tissues, therefore inside the tonsils proliferations could be neoplastic or reactive nature. The participants in our retrospective research were one thousand one hundred thirty patients with histopathology report of tumors of the Waldeyer’s ring. Seven hundred eleven where male and four hundred nineteen were female. The research was conducted at the Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Clinical Center of Serbia from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2017. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistic methods. It was found that the highest percent of participants developed reactive follicular hyperplasia (51,2%), 25.9% percent squamocellular carcinoma, 8.4% undifferentiated non keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and 8.0% nonHodgkin lymphoma. The most malignant tumors were found among male participants over 60 years of age. The majority of malignant tumors grew in oropharynx. The most common tumor was squamous cell carcinoma.

The aim of the study was to investigate the degree of exposure to the health risk of the user by using a medical prescription reading goggles, which are classified as low risk, and whether the data from the package leaflet are correctly applied. Medical devices are instruments, apparatus, materials and other products intended to be used for humans and which do not achieve its basic purpose on the basis of pharmacological, immunological or metabolic activity, but are used alone or in combination, including the software required for proper use. Depending on the categories to which they belong, medical devices have greater or lesser risk of adverse health effects on patients. Medical devices are classified to classes according to the degree of risk for the user ranging from low risk to high risk. Research was conducted in retail stores: pharmacies, optical stores and facilities for selling consumer goods. The survey questionnaire methodology collected data on habits of customers - users of diopter reading glasses. The survey was conducted among the masters of pharmacies, opticians and retailers in the period from March to June 2019. Twenty-five facilities were included in the survey in the area of Tuzla, Sarajevo and Zenica.Statistical data processing was done in Microsoft Excel. Study showed that 35% of the respondents answered that patients visited ophthalmologists and brought medical report with needed corrective diopter, while significantly larger number of respondents – 65% answered that patients didn’t visit ophthalmologists and didn’t have a medical report with needed corrective diopter. Research has shown that 73.75% of patients don’t read the instructions for use, while only 26.25% of patients read instructions for use.

The aim of this case report was to review the therapeutic effect of therapeutic plasma exchange in the treatment of retrobulbar neuritis in relation to its side effects, in the absence of the desired therapeutic response to previously applied immunomodulatory therapy, as a justification of therapeutic plasma exchange in the treatment of patients suffering from central nervous system demyelinating diseases. Optic neuritis is an inflammatory optic nerve lesion that may lead to partial or complete loss of vision. Therapeutic plasma exchange was performed on the SPECTRA OPTIA apheresis apparatus, according to a predefined disease diagnosis (RN), which according to the 2016 AFSA criteria belongs to the III category of disease in which apheresis is accepted as the second line of treatment. Three procedures were analyzed and an average of 5050ml of blood was processed. In conclusion, this therapeutic method is absolutely justified, with the appropriate prior preparation of the patient.

Aim: We present an unusual case of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor filling the entire abdominal cavity. Introduction: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Small tumors are generally benign, but large tumors disseminate to the liver, omentum and peritoneal cavity. They rarely occur in other abdominal organs. Material and Metods: The operative material consisted of segment of ileum where a tumor mass of 8 cm was found originating from the wall and fragments of small intestinal serosa and omentum where multiple nodular tumor mases were found. Representative samples were taken, and were paraffin embedded and stained routinely with Hematoxyllin-Eosin. Additionally immunohistochemical analyses were performed using the antibodies c-kit, CD34, Vimentin, CKAE1/AE3, Ki67 and others. Results: Microscopic analysis revealed a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor with a high mitotic rate of 58/50 HPF mitoses. However clinical reports stated that an additional large 12 cm tumor mass was found in the liver that was not removed. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms but presence of multiple tumor masses on various organs and sites is rare. Presence of multiple tumors in various organs brings about the issues of possibility of multiple primaries or the proper detection of the original tumor mass.

Aim: Our aim is to examine the expression of CD34 in the endometrioid carcinoma (EC) of the uterine body and association of neoangiogenesis with classical clinical and prognostic parameters. Introduction: The incidence rate increases with age, so in about 75% of cases it occurs in postmenopausal women.Material and Methods: On the biopsy samples obtained after the hysterectomy of 36 patients operated from EC of the uterine body, operated in the General hospital Pirot, where applied routine H E and the imunohistochemical ABC method with anti-CD34 antibodies. Based on the expression of CD 34, the microvascular density per mm2 of the tissue was calculated stereometrically. For statistical analysis SPSS software package were used (version 19.0). Results: The significantly pronounced expression of CD34 is present in all cases of tumors in pT2a to pT3a, and in all cases of the IIA-IIIA FIGO stage. A significantly high neoangiogenesis index is present in 72% of moderately differentiated tumors, in about 70% of tumors with moderate/expressed nuclear atypies, in 92% of cases with microvascular invasion and in 76,5% of tumors affecting over 50% of myomterium. CD34 expression is in positive, moderate and significant correlation with invasion of lymph vessels, pathological stage of the tumor and invasion of blood vessels and myometrium (kk=0,636 - 0,587). The correlation between this marker and the histological and nuclear tumor grade is weaker (kk=0,444 and 0,410). Conclusion: Significant association of CD34 with the aggressive phenotype of the EC of uterine body has significant prognostic implications.

Aim: To reported extremely rare case of collision adenocarcinomma et small cell neuroendocrine carcinomma of the gallbladder (SCNEC). Introduction: Collision cancers are malignancies in the same organ or anatomical site that comprises et least two different tumor components, with no mixed or transitional area between two component. Case report: 76 year old woman with abdominal pain, underwent ultrasonography evaluation which demonstrated cholelithiasis and gallbladder wall thickening. Cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis was performed.The macroscopic analysis revealed 2,5cm sized round nodular lesions in the fundus of the gallbladder.Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues were stained with H.E. Selected samples were stained immunochistochemically with chromogranin, synaptophysin et CK7. Microscopicaly, the tumor was composed of two components. Dominant component is adenocarcinomma, composed of tubular glands lined predominantly by columnar cells with pseudostratified et ovoid or elongated nuclei.In the area close to this component there was neuroendocrine carcinomma that came in touch with the previous one, but didnt infiltrate it. Neuroendocrine carcinomma was composed of round or fusiform cells, arranged in sheets, nests and cords.Tumor cells have round hyperchromatic nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. Neuroendocrine tumor cells were immunoreactive for chromogranin, synaptophysin. Epithelial cells were positive for CH7.The final pathologycal diagnosis was SCNEC. The tumor stage was II, T2, Nx, Mx. Conclusion: Prognosis for patient is poor.About 40-50 percent of patients have disseminated disease at the time of the diagnoses.SCNEC appear to be highly responsive to chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy and survival time more than one year have been reported.