A sense of satisfaction and well-being that covers various aspects of life can be defined as quality of life (QoL). Hypothyroidism can be clinically both latent and apparent. It is possible to evaluate general aspects of life, identify the presence and severity of diseases, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment while QoL measurement instruments are used. The timely initiation of levothyroxine (LT4) substitution in cases with latent hypothyroidism and the evaluation of LT4 substitution quality serve as evidence of the beneficial effects of used QoL instruments. Here, we introduced GHQ12, TSQ, and ThyPRO instruments most commonly used in routine thyroid clinical practice.

Clavicle fractures account for up to 4% of all adult fractures and are often the result of severe trauma in young individuals. At the Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, there have been just under 15 cases of these fractures treated surgically over the past 10 years (with the first author performing 6 of these surgeries). The relatively small number of operated patients is due to the belief that only a clavicle that does not heal on its own requires surgery. New osteosynthetic materials provide better treatment outcomes but cannot compensate for poor surgical technique, implant failure, incorrect indications, and/or choice of method, leading to treatment failure. We present an interesting case of a 45-year-old female patient who underwent surgical treatment for a clavicle fracture with multiple complications.

We present a case of a patient with recurrent sialolithiasis. Sialolithiasis is a condition characterized by mechanical obstruction of the excretory ducts of the salivary glands. The etiology of calculus formation remains unclear. Preoperative laboratory analyses indicated vitamin D deficiency. Computed tomography revealed calculi in the parenchyma of the deep lobe of the right parotid gland and in Stenson’s duct, which were surgically removed. A review of the literature shows no correlation between calcium levels of serum and saliva. However, vitamin D has an anti-inflammatory role, and its deficiency may lead to sialoadenitis, thus promoting sialolithiasis. The aim of this case presentation is to emphasize how changes in saliva composition and vitamin D deficiency may influence recurrent sialolithiasis.

We present a 51-year-old patient who sustained multiple brain injuries after falling from a height of 5 meters. The patient was treated conservatively with barbiturate sedation, antiedematous and other supportive therapy. He recovered well. However, fifteen days after injury control, a brain-computer tomography (CT) scan revealed a posterior cranial fossa epidural hematoma on the right side, without signs of brain compression and midline shift. Since the patient was in good condition, without complaints, and with normal neurological findings, and since de novo hematoma didn’t show signs of brain compression, he was observed for a few days and discharged from the hospital in good condition. According to the literature, and which is in our case, occipital bone fracture, antiedematous therapy, and sedation are risk factors for delayed posterior fossa epidural hematoma occurrence after traumatic brain injury, so in similar circumstances, we suggest more frequent control brain CT scans. The most common localization of the epidural hematoma is in the temporal region due to middle meningeal artery injury in temporal bone fractures. Other localizations of epidural hematomas are rare. Posterior cranial fossa epidural hematomas are exceedingly uncommon findings. Also, most epidural hematomas have an acute clinical picture, and delayed epidural hematomas are atypical. So, delayed posterior cranial fossa epidural hematomas are unique findings with an incidence of less than 0.1% of all epidural hematomas.

The aim of this seminar is to present the basic methodologies of immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical staining, prerequisites for success in their performance and the practical importance of their application in routine practice. The main difference between ICC and IHC is that IHC is performed on tissue without destroying the histological architecture and it is possible to analyze the expression of molecules in the microenvironment as well. Immunochemical staining is a powerful technique routinely used to detect, localize, and quantify (quantify) cellular macromolecules in preserved tissues. Regardless of the specific method used, the first step of this technique is always the selective binding of the primary antibody to its specific antigen. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method used to determine the expression of biomarkers in tissue. It is used for research and diagnostic purposes in pathology and core branches of medicine.

Electromagnetic radiation represents energy transmission through an immaterial medium through a flow of energy particles or quanta of energy. When passing through the material medium, there is an interaction with the medium through which they pass, and energy is transferred to the particles of the material medium. Ionising radiation (JZ) is electromagnetic radiation consisting of EM - --waves or particles with kinetic energy sufficient to ionise the substance they pass. During ionisation, orbital electrons are ejected from the atoms of the environment as negative ions and positive ions are formed from the rest of the particles. The ions formed in this way disturb the biochemical processes in the cells, which can lead to disturbances in their functioning and division and even to the occurrence of diseases, such as tumours. The effect of ionising radiation is reflected in the impact on proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. The following can be recognised as occupational diseases: acute radiodermatitis, acute radiation sickness, acute radiation cataract, chronic radiodermatitis in case of exposure to ionising radiation for at least ten years, regular radiation cataract in case of exposure to ionising radiation for at least five years, malignant diseases and damage to the hematopoietic system. It is necessary to educate the entire population about the consequences that ionising radiation has on human health, provide complete protection to workers who work in radioactive radiation zones, apply all preventive and protective measures against the effects of ionising radiation in the workplace, and provide adequate, timely and professional assistance to all workers who were exposed to ionising radiation.

The aim of the survey conducted at the Galen Farm Pharmacy in Belgrade is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 infection on the mental health of the population aged 30-50. The end of 2019 marked the beginning of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic from China, which affected more than 214 countries and territories around the world. Preventive strategies play a major role in reducing the spread of the virus. The advent of vaccines slows down the transmission of the virus and alleviates the symptoms of the disease. The ongoing pandemic poses a serious threat to human health and the global economy and has resulted in enormous stress on health care systems worldwide, and mental and physical health are equally important components of overall health. 104 respondents, users of the services of the “Galen Farm” Pharmacy in Belgrade, were included in the research. An original questionnaire of 15 questions was created, and the research was anonymous. The DASS-21 scale (The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items) was used in the research. For the largest number of respondents, the pandemic affected their quality of life, while a smaller number of respondents estimated that the pandemic had no effect. The largest number of respondents were positive for the virus, while twice as many respondents were not positive. More than half of the respondents were in mandatory isolation. The largest number of respondents reported that someone close to them was positive for the virus. The largest number of respondents had no the experience of the death of a close person. In order to gain insight into the impact of the COVID-19 infection on the mental health of the respondents, the answers of the respondents on the DASS-21 scale were processed in more detail. The respondents more often report experiencing stress symptoms during the past period. Medical workers have statistically significantly higher scores on average, on the individual scales of the DASS questionnaire, compared to non-medical workers, and this also applies to people who have had someone close to them die due to COVID-19. The obtained results are partially consistent with previous research. During the outbreak of any infectious disease, the psychological reactions of individuals play an important role in the spread of the disease, as well as in the frequency of emotional distress and social disturbances during and after the outbreak of a pandemic.

The aim of the work is to examine the relationship between the clinical and pathological characteristics of colorectal cancer and indicators of disease progression. The examined group consisted of operative biopsies of colorectal carcinoma (n=75), and the control group (n=75) consisted of biopsies of adjacent non-tumor tissue of the colon from the operative preparation submitted to the Pathology Centre of the Clinical Center of Montenegro. After routine histopathological processing, classic Hematoxylin-Eosin and immunohistochemical ABC method with anti-Ki67 antibodies were applied to the 4 μm sections. The histological grade of the tumor is significantly related to the proliferation index, while the pT status depends on the invasion of lymphatic vessels, metastases in the lymph nodes and the Astler-Coller stage. Metastases in lymph nodes are highly significantly associated with invasion of lymphatic vessels and Astler-Coller tumor stage. Distant metastases are significantly related to blood vessel invasion, perineural invasion and Astler_Coller stage. The histological grade of the tumor, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, the presence of metastases in the lymph nodes, distant metastases and the Astler-Coller stage depend on the proliferative index of the tumor cells. Ki67 expression is a good marker of colorectal cancer progression due to its high sensitivity and specificity.

Cervical cancer in Serbia is one of the leading causes of illness and death in the female population. Every year, about 1,300 women fall ill and approximately 500 lose their lives due to this disease. The importance of screening for this disease is very high, but unfortunately insufficiently known in the population. We conducted a short survey on 30 women aged 20 to 40 who filled out a pre-prepared cervical cancer screening questionnaire. The results indicate that the health awareness of the female population regarding cervical cancer screening in Serbia is very low, but there is also a clear insight into the importance of geting new informations, and we believe that this study contributes to raising awareness about cervical cancer screening, which is in line with the general trend population policy in the world, given that January 2023 was declared the month dedicated to the prevention of cervical cancer with the theme: Ending cervical cancer within a few generations”.

In this article, we present the case of a patient with classic signs of Barlow’s disease and discrete mass on the posterior myxomatously altered cusp that were observed on echocardiographic examination. Barlow’s disease is a degenerative disease of the mitral valve in which leaf prolapse and mitral regurgitation occur, which is a significant cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Papillary fibroelastoma of the heart is a rare benign tumor of the heart, mostly located on the valves, it is detected incidentally, but it can be the cause of transient neurological defects and ischemia of the heart due to embolization or prolapse in the coronary ostia. Differentiating degenerative mitral valve disease is important, because choice of surgical correction techniques depend on this distinction, and pathohistological analysis (classical, histochemical and immunohistochemical staining) contributes to the confirmation of the diagnosis, which is important for future outcome research.