The aim of the study was to gain insight and determine the incidence of arterial hypertension in the study population over a 10-year period with special reference to the role of the nurse in the treatment of hypertensive patients in primary health care. Hypertension is the leading cause of premature death worldwide. The method of descriptive study was applied using data from the medical documentation of the Health Center “Vračar” in Belgrade for the period from 2010- 2019. The study included all patients who were treated for arterial hypertension during this period. A comparison of total mortality and patients with arterial hypertension was performed. The total number of reviewed histories for patients treated for arterial hypertension in the Health Center “Vracar” in Belgrade for the period 2010- 2019 was 72343. Compared to the total number of patients treated for hypertension in this period, the number of patients was significantly higher in 2010 ( 18.84%) and 2011 (14.88%), and the least treated was 2013 (7.23%). Comparing the percentage of patients with and treated for arterial hypertension in relation to the total number of treated patients, we found that during 10 years, on average, out of the total number of treated patients (712,360 patients), 10.16% and 72,343 patients were treated for arterial hypertension. Today, it is considered that the prevention of the disease is the most important, so the main goals of nursing are health promotion and prevention of the disease, especially in people with increased risk factors for the occurrence of hypertensive disease.

The aim of our research was to determine the demographic profile of health workers (gender, age, length of service and level of education), and then to assess the essential education for elementary activities of nurses in the treatment and care of patients with pulmonary embolism. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a term that encompasses deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Based on the results of current studies, the level of knowledge about thromboprophylaxis among nurses varies and depends on education, years of work experience, continuing education and job. The study was conducted in KBC Zvezdara in the period from September 25, 2021. to 01.10.2021. years. A descriptive study was conducted where a specially designed Survey was used as a research instrument. The questionnaire was filled out by 20 nurses. The group of respondents was mostly female (16), aged between 20-30, most respondents had completed high school and most respondents had been employed for more than 5 years. 75% of respondents said that thromboembolism is very common, 95% of respondents said that the use of oxygen is a mandatory therapeutic procedure, 85% of respondents said that hemodynamically unstable patients need to start thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase immediately, and 90% of respondents answered that maintaining airway patency and monitoring the pulse is very important in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism. The largest number of respondents (90%) answered that they measure vital parameters in patients with thromboembolism every hour. All respondents (100%) answered that monitoring the intake and excretion of food and fluids is necessary, and a total of 85% of respondents stated that physical activity and regular movement while avoiding prolonged sitting or lying down is one of the methods to prevent thromboembolism. Managing VTE, which offers nurses the opportunity to provide intensive care, is an essential professional competence of licensed nurses. It is necessary to improve the continuous education of nurses and encourage nurses to be educated at higher levels of academic education

We present a case of cerebral vasculitis and suspicious retinal vasculitis of a thirty-five- year old, HIV-negative woman. Toxocara canis is a ubiquitous parasite found worldwide. She can only complete lifecycle in dogs, and humans are accidental hosts. Among the neurological and neuropsychological disturbances produced by Toxocara infection, in humans, the most representative are meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis and cerebral vasculitis. Predominant symptoms were trembling and tingling in the left side of the body, tremor of the hands and weakness of the extremities, more to the left, fever and visual disturbance. MR imaging of the brain showed obliterative endarteritis to the left. Visual acuity was impaired, the optic nerve was swollen and macula was thickened. Antibodies to Toxocara canis were detected by ELISA test. Antiparasitic therapy with corticosteroids has led to the reduction of symptoms and clinical findings.

Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation. Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse is a special entity that is characterised by ventricular arrhythmia and increased risk for sudden cardiac death. We present a 48-year old patient that was referred to our Department of Cardiology for elective invasive coronary angiography because of significant number of premature ventricular contractions observed on 24h-ECG ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI revealed signs of arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse.

The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of drugs and their impact on quality of life. Quality of life is a wide multidimensional concept that usually includes, in addition to objective parameters, a subjective assessment of both positive and negative aspects of life. Quality of life is not easy to fully define and therefore there are no clearly defined universally accepted parameters for its assessment. Drugs have a task to prolong the life expectancy of sick people, reduce working ability limitation and total medical costs. The most important standards which drugs must meet are: quality, efficiency and safety. Quantification of objective and subjective parameters of quality of life before and after drug therapy is important for assessing its effect. For this purpose, in addition to generic, “disease-specific questionnaires” are used. Although some of these questionnaires have been used for decades, they primarily give priority to determining objective indicators that are much easier to quantify than subjective ones. Individual understanding of quality of life depends of: social factors (as family and environment in which the patient lives), historical, geographical and cultural factors, age, religion, emotional and intellectual personality traits, physical constitution, health status and profession. Examining the impact of drugs on quality of life and creating precise evaluation criteria are imperatives and challenge for modern pharmacotherapy, as they will facilitate making the right decision about the choice and therapy protocol. The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in these studies because modern drugs have the task of improving both health and quality of life.

U poslednje dve godine pandemija izazvana COVID-19 infekcijom predstavlja najveći izazov sa kojim se suočavaju zdravstveni sistemi širom sveta. Ova bolest donela je ozbiljne promene u načinu rada zdravstvenih ustanova, a promenjeni su i prioriteti različitih medicinskih i hirurških intervencija, između ostalih i u domenu urologije.

U ovom radu prikazujemo uticaj COVID-19 pandemije na rad Službe za urologiju Kliničko bolničkog centra Zemun. Pored analize rada urologa u COVID-19 sistemu dat je i kratak pregled uticaja COVID-19 pandemije na različite, najčešće urološke bolesti, pre svega u odnosu na stepen hitnosti lečenja uroloških bolesti. Potom je dat osvrt uticaja COVID-19 infekcije na bubrežni sistem. Deo rada posvećen je uticaju pandemije na rad mladih lekara, odnosno pre svega specijalista urologije.

Skočni zglob je često izložen povređivanju zbog svoje statičke i dinamičke uloge. Uganuće skočnog zgloba je značajna mišićno-skeletna povreda, kako kod fizički aktivne tako i kod opšte populacije1 , dok prelom gornjeg skočnog zgloba prednjači u povredama koštano-zglobnog sistema2 . Kod velikog broja povređenih osoba (10% do 60%) zabeležena je funkcionalna nestabilnost kao rezidualni problem3 . Većina stručnjaka ukazuje da se nakon povrede skočnog zgloba, naročito uganuća, razvija hronična nestabilnost. Ovo stanje karakteriše osećaj nestabilnosti zgloba, sa periodičnim ponovnim uganućem4 , a često je prisutno ograničenje obima pokreta dorzifleksije, povezano sa sa bolom3 . Povreda skočnog zgloba može biti preduslov za razvoj sindroma vezanih za stopalo i potkolenicu, kao što su plantarna fasciopatija, sindrom iliotibijalne trake, patelofemoralni sindrom, sindrom medijalnog tibijalnog stresa5 . Pored toga, pojava posttraumatskog osteoartritisa skočnog zgloba pronađena je čak kod 78% osoba sa hroničnom nestabilnošću zgloba4 . Kod osoba kod kojih je došlo do pojave kalcifikacija javlja se niz strukturalnih i senzomotornih simptoma6 , usled čega opada nivo fizičke aktivnosti7 i kvalitet života8 .

Ultrazvučni pregled je prvi pregled pri sumnji na bolesti urogenitalnog sistema. Ima visoku dijagnostičku vrednost, ne koristi štetno jonizujuće zračenje i relativno je jeftin, a nedostatak je što zavisi od iskustva radiologa i kvaliteta uređaja. Bolesti bubrega čine veliku grupu oboljenja različitog uzroka, toka, kliničke slike i prognoze. Ova oboljenja najčešće su izazvana infekcijama, metaboličkim poremećajima, toksinima i drugim uzrocima, a manifestuju se kao upale bubrega (glomerulonefritis, pijelonefritis, nefrotski sindrom) i akutna, odnosno hronična smanjena funkcija bubrega (bubrežna insuficijencija).

Ultrazvuk je standardna dijagnostička metoda kod hroničnih bolesti bubrega. Omogućava prikaz parenhima i kolektornog sistema bubrega. Pored ultrazvučnog pregleda, razvijene su i druge dijagnostičke metode, kao što su intravenska urografija, magnetna kompjuterizovana tomografija i magnetna rezonanca, mešutim ultrazvučni pregled i dalje je prva i nezamenljiva dijagnostička procedura kod obojenja urogenitalnog sistema, odnosno bubrega pre svega.

Najčešće indikacije za ultrazvučni pregled bubrega su: bol u slabinama, palpabilne mase u slabinama, hematurija, abnormalni laboratorijski nalazi koji ukazuju na oboljenja urinarnog trakta, evaluacija veličine bubrega, evaluacija obstrukcije urinarnog trakta, trauma u lumbalnoj regiji, učestalo mokrenje, smanjenje klirensa urina, pečenje tokom mokrenja ili groznica, evaluacija transplantiranih bubrega, biopsija i interventne procedure, neurogena bešika i kod pacijenata koji u alergični na kontrastno sredstvo, a imaju smetnje koje nesumnjivo potiču od strane urotrakta.

Radi jasnog formulisanja patološkog nalaza od nalaza u fiziološkim granicama neophodno je poznavanje normalnog ultrazvučnog nalaza, ali i anatomskih varijeteta odnosno bubrežnih anomalija koje u suštini nisu patološki nalaz. Ovaj pregledni rad obuhvata opis ultrazvučne anatomije bubrega, tehnike ultrazvučnog pregleda bubrega kao i pregled najčešćih anatomskih varijeteta odnosno bubrežnih anomalija koje u suštini nisu patološki nalaz.

Reliable preoperative staging of cervical cancer is important to evaluate and compare the results of different therapeutic modalities, including, surgical treatment, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The diagnostic reliability of preoperative staging of cervical cancer by cervical biopsy and endocervical curettage was evaluated by a retrospective diagnostic study. The results of this preoperative staging were compared with the stage of cancer set on the basis of histopathological examination of the samples. Only patients who were clinically staged as early (operable) to the disease stage were included in the study. Postoperative diagnosis in 98 patients was exocervical cancer, in 12 endocervical cancer in 5 it was H-SIL (CIN III), and in 4 patients it was chronic cervicitis. The diagnostic reliability of preoperative staging of cervical cancer by cervical biopsy and endocervical curettage was 76.9%. In order to reduce errors in the staging of cervical cancer, it is advised that it be performed in specialized cancer centers by an experienced oncology gynecologist.

Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disorder frequently encountered in clinical practice. The first step in the diagnostic evaluation of hyponatremia is the volume assessment (clinical estimation of hypo/hypervolemia presence). In the cases of euvolemic hyponatremia, followed by decreased plasma osmolality (<275mOsm/kg) with urine osmolality >100mOsm/kg, urine sodium >30mmol/L along with normal intake of salt and water, preserved pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, adrenal function as well as no recent use of diuretics, syndrome of inappropriate diuresis (SIAD) is diagnosed. In symptomatic, especially acute hyponatremia, careful and gradual substitution by 3 (10) % sodium-chloride infusion is advised with liquid intake restriction, the administration of demeclocycline, urea, or vaptans, as well as causal treatment of SIAD. SIAD is often transient and etiologically clear. In this paper, we present two cases with idiopathic, chronic SIAD with poor outcomes. During the diagnostic follow-up, the cause of SIAD was not found. The autopsy finding was also adverse. In most cases, euvolemic hyponatremia in patients with chronic, idiopathic SIAD is an ominous sign.