The aim of this study was to examine the difference in RSV small respiratory tract infections and small respiratory tract infections of other etiologies, regarding length of hospitalization and need of oxygen therapy. The examined populations were children treated for small respiratory tract infections in KBC Zemun during 2 years, aged from birth to the end of the second year of life. Treatment outcomes were examined: duration of hospitalization, length of oxygen therapy, combined pneumonia (confirmed by X-ray). A total of 78 children with a clinical picture of severe infection were selected. The data were taken from the existing documentation of KBC Zemun. The study found that in the first year a higher percentage of RSV positive girls was 76.19% than boys 73.91%, and in the second year 78.57% of RSV positive girls and 60% of boys. Children with low birth weight, premature birth as well, fed adapted formulas are more likely to develop RSV bronchiolitis. The duration of hospitalization was longer in RSV bronchiolitis, as well as in associated bacterial infection. The length of oxygen therapy was not affected by the presence of RSV infection, but children with bronchiolitis complicated by pneumonia were longer on oxygen therapy. Our research is in line with previous research, existing treatment protocols. Certain deviations can be explained by a small sample, which gives the need for systematic and broader examination of the relationship between risk factors, etiological factors in small respiratory tract infections.

The aim of this seminar is to present the basic methodologies of immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical staining, prerequisites for success in their performance and the practical importance of their application in routine practice. The main difference between ICC and IHC is that IHC is performed on tissue without destroying the histological architecture and it is possible to analyze the expression of molecules in the microenvironment as well. Immunochemical staining is a powerful technique routinely used to detect, localize, and quantify (quantify) cellular macromolecules in preserved tissues. Regardless of the specific method used, the first step of this technique is always the selective binding of the primary antibody to its specific antigen. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a method used to determine the expression of biomarkers in tissue. It is used for research and diagnostic purposes in pathology and core branches of medicine.

The aim of this paper is to determine the importance of the nurse in the assessment, prevention, treatment and education of patients with decubitus ulcers. The pressure on the thin layer of skin between the bone protrusions and the hard surface, which is higher than 25 mmHg, and which lasts longer than 2 hours, causes ischemia of local tissue (interruption of capillary circulation), and it eventually leads to permanent deterioration of soft tissue cells. Nursing care for patients with pressure ulcers or risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers is focused on all existing preventive measures that prevent, delay or slow down the onset of the disease. The initial assessment performed by the nurse must include a complete medical history, environmental assessment, and family assessment. The education of medical staff and patients must be an integral part of any preventive strategy against the development of pressure ulcers. The ultimate goal of education is to reduce the occurrence of pressure ulcers. In the research, we applied the survey method using the Questionnaire with 17 questions. We used the Norton scale to assess the risk of pressure ulcers. In a study of patients with pressure ulcers in our study, we concluded that the subjects were older, mostly over 70 years of age, and male was more prevalent. Other data (education, housing conditions, marital status, length of treatment and method of treatment, mobility, physical activity and mental status, risk factors and complications) of our study on 30 respondents agree with data from the world literature. In terms of satisfaction with health services and the work of nurses, respondents are mostly satisfied. The education of medical staff and patients must be an integral part of any preventive strategy against the development of pressure ulcers. The ultimate goal of education is to reduce the occurrence of pressure ulcers.

The aim of this study was to determine the importance of health care in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding in the digestive tract is divided into bleeding from the upper and bleeding from the lower part of the digestive tract. Caring for patients with severe bleeding is a serious challenge. The role of the nurse and the way the patient approaches the patient in terms of care, but also recognizing the development of possible complications, is very important. Descriptive surveys were applied using a questionnaire as a research instrument. The study found that females are more represented than males, that the level of education is high and that most employees have been working for more than 5 years. The analysis of questionnaires from the second group of questions related to professional issues related to bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract showed that 80% (16) of respondents were thoroughly acquainted with the types of bleeding from the digestive tract, and that 70% (14) of respondents Bleeding from the digestive tract is influenced by hereditary and environmental factors, so that 65% of respondents know in detail and apply the nursing procedures used in cases of gastrointestinal bleeding. 95% answered that the nurse is obliged to fully recognize the symptoms of bleeding and possible complications, and that 60% of the respondents were fully acquainted with the procedures aimed at reducing pain in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. All 100% of the respondents thought that the nurse was fully acquainted with the symptoms and signs of bleeding, with the procedures of diagnosis and treatment, as well as with dietary measures. 85% of respondents were aware of care measures related to reducing fear and insomnia in patients. 80% of the respondents thought that they had enough knowledge to provide care for patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, and 97% of the respondents thought that the patients were not enough, or not educated at all.

We present a case of cerebral vasculitis and suspicious retinal vasculitis of a thirty-five- year old, HIV-negative woman. Toxocara canis is a ubiquitous parasite found worldwide. She can only complete lifecycle in dogs, and humans are accidental hosts. Among the neurological and neuropsychological disturbances produced by Toxocara infection, in humans, the most representative are meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis and cerebral vasculitis. Predominant symptoms were trembling and tingling in the left side of the body, tremor of the hands and weakness of the extremities, more to the left, fever and visual disturbance. MR imaging of the brain showed obliterative endarteritis to the left. Visual acuity was impaired, the optic nerve was swollen and macula was thickened. Antibodies to Toxocara canis were detected by ELISA test. Antiparasitic therapy with corticosteroids has led to the reduction of symptoms and clinical findings.

Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation. Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse is a special entity that is characterised by ventricular arrhythmia and increased risk for sudden cardiac death. We present a 48-year old patient that was referred to our Department of Cardiology for elective invasive coronary angiography because of significant number of premature ventricular contractions observed on 24h-ECG ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiography and cardiac MRI revealed signs of arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse.

The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of drugs and their impact on quality of life. Quality of life is a wide multidimensional concept that usually includes, in addition to objective parameters, a subjective assessment of both positive and negative aspects of life. Quality of life is not easy to fully define and therefore there are no clearly defined universally accepted parameters for its assessment. Drugs have a task to prolong the life expectancy of sick people, reduce working ability limitation and total medical costs. The most important standards which drugs must meet are: quality, efficiency and safety. Quantification of objective and subjective parameters of quality of life before and after drug therapy is important for assessing its effect. For this purpose, in addition to generic, “disease-specific questionnaires” are used. Although some of these questionnaires have been used for decades, they primarily give priority to determining objective indicators that are much easier to quantify than subjective ones. Individual understanding of quality of life depends of: social factors (as family and environment in which the patient lives), historical, geographical and cultural factors, age, religion, emotional and intellectual personality traits, physical constitution, health status and profession. Examining the impact of drugs on quality of life and creating precise evaluation criteria are imperatives and challenge for modern pharmacotherapy, as they will facilitate making the right decision about the choice and therapy protocol. The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in these studies because modern drugs have the task of improving both health and quality of life.

U poslednje dve godine pandemija izazvana COVID-19 infekcijom predstavlja najveći izazov sa kojim se suočavaju zdravstveni sistemi širom sveta. Ova bolest donela je ozbiljne promene u načinu rada zdravstvenih ustanova, a promenjeni su i prioriteti različitih medicinskih i hirurških intervencija, između ostalih i u domenu urologije.

U ovom radu prikazujemo uticaj COVID-19 pandemije na rad Službe za urologiju Kliničko bolničkog centra Zemun. Pored analize rada urologa u COVID-19 sistemu dat je i kratak pregled uticaja COVID-19 pandemije na različite, najčešće urološke bolesti, pre svega u odnosu na stepen hitnosti lečenja uroloških bolesti. Potom je dat osvrt uticaja COVID-19 infekcije na bubrežni sistem. Deo rada posvećen je uticaju pandemije na rad mladih lekara, odnosno pre svega specijalista urologije.

Kompjuterizovana kolonografija (KT), poznata i kao virtuelna kolonoskopija je neinvazivna radiološka dijagnostička metoda koja omogućava evaluaciju celog kolona sa ciljem otkrivanja kolorektalnih tumora i klinički značajnih adenomatoznih polipa. U suštini, KT kolonografija predstavlja modifikovani KT pregled kod pacijenta nakon neophodne pripreme creva gde se zatim dobijene slike tumače korišćenjem naprednih tehnika 2D i 3D prikaza1 . Karcinom debelog creva je jedna od najčešćih malignih bolesti kod oba pola i to je drugi je po redu vodeći uzrok smrti zbog malignih bolesti u razvijenim zemljama1 . Skrining i rano otkrivanje raka creva je značajna karika u prevenciji. Konvencionalna kolonoskopija je zlatni standard u dijagnostici i skrning kolorektalnog karcinoma3 .

Kako se kolonoskopija radi pod kontrolom oka, mogu se jasno videti sve, pa i najdiskretnije promene na debelom crevu: zapaljenski procesi, krvarenja, divertikulumi, polipi, benigni i maligni tumori. Virtuelna kolonografija, poznata kao virtuelna kolonoskopija je manje invazivna procedura i radi se pomoću KT skenera, koji propušta rentgenske zrake kroz pacijentov abdomen. Virtuelna kolonoskopija, može da otkrije više neočekivanih tumora od obične kolonoskopije, uključujući i one koji se nalaze van debelog creva. Ova tehnika je mnogo manje invazivna nego standardna kolonoskopija, za koju je obično potrebna anestezija dok lekar vrši pregled debelog creva kolonoskopom tj. savitljivim endoskopskim aparatom4,5.

Osim pogleda na unutrašnjost debelog creva, virtuelna kolonoskopija pregleda celi abdomen i karlicu, te je ovim putem moguće otkriti i tumore izvan debelog creva. Ipak, u praksi se češće koristi standardna, optička kolonoskopija koja je izuzetno pouzdana dijagnostička metoda. Kompjuterizovana tomografska kolonografija ili “virtuelna kolonoskopija” je metod u kojem se koristi tomografska 2D ili 3D slika kolona u cilju ispitivanja strukturnih promena zida creva, intraluminalnih promena ili promena koje sa spoljašnje strane pritiskaju zid creva. Prednost ove metode je što ne zahteva sedaciju, ne nosi rizik od perforacije i zahteva nekoliko minuta za pregled4 . Virtuelna kolonoskopija uz pomoć kompjuterizovane tomografije (KT) ili magnetne rezonance (MR) omogućava dvodimenzionalnu ili trodimenzionalnu sliku debelog creva od najnižeg dela rektuma, pa sve do donjeg kraja tankog creva te ih prikazuje na ekranu. 2D i 3D slike u KT kolonografiji treba da se dopunjuju. 3D interpretacija je korisna za otkrivanje polipa, posebno onih na preklopima zida creva. Sa druge strane, 2D interpretacija pomaže da se potvrdi da li je lezija identifikovana na 3D slici pravi polip ili samo lipoma, adhezivni izmet ili istaknuti nabor. Virtuelna kolonoskopija je manje invazivna od uobičajene optičke kolonoskopije6 .

The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological and demographic distribution of patients (age, sex), number of treated children by months, distribution by type of hemophilia, presence of comorbidities, clinical manifestations of hemophilia and severity of hemophilia in relation to age of patients treated for hemophilia. for examination and treatment of hematological and oncological diseases, Institute of Maternal and Child Health “Dr. Vukan Cupic” in the period from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. Hemophilia mainly occurs in the male population and is inherited through the X chromosome (X-linked inheritance). An indirect descriptive method (analysis of medical documentation) was used in the research. Patient disease protocols and case histories were used as a research tool. In relation to age, almost half of the patients (43%) were of school age (age from 7 to 15 years), and in relation to gender, 81% were boys. In relation to the type of hemophilia, most patients had Hemophilia type A was diagnosed in 17 (81%) while Christmas disease (Christmas disease) as it is also called hemophilia type B, hemophilia C (Rosenthal syndrome) and the so-called . von Willebrand’s disease were significantly less common. The most common symptom was bleeding in the joints in 15 patients (71%), and other symptoms such as bleeding into the muscles, hematuria and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract were less common. The nurse must be specially educated and trained to work with patients with hemophilia.