The human microbiota has emerged as one of the most dynamic fields of modern medicine. It is now recognized as an active regulator of metabolism, immune defence, and neuropsychiatric functions.. Dysbiosis, the alteration of microbiota, has been linked to gastrointestinal disorders, autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndrome, and neuropsychiatric conditions, highlighting the systemic roles of the microbiome. Current therapeutic strategies include probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, individualized dietary interventions, and medical fasting, while fecal microbiota transplantation represents the most promising method for restoring a healthy microbiome. The aim of this review is to present the historical background, pathophysiology, and clinical implications of the microbiota, and to emphasize the need for introducing faecal transplantation into clinical practice in Serbia as a significant step toward the personalized medicine.

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